GREEK TRADITION:

1. detached
2. disembodied
3. timeless
4. universal
5. reflective
6. critical
7. rational

*Notes in green are from the ipod lectures of Hubert Dreyfus at UCBerkeley

REALISM (to Descartes)
"the things" independent of me

Pythagoras of Samos (c. approx. 580-500 BCE) numbers; immortal soul

Socrates (ca. 470-399 BCE). virtue, ethics, dialectic

Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 535-475 BCE).

Plato (c. 427-347 BCE). forms. polity.

Aristotle (c. 384-322 BCE).

Cicero (c.106 BCE-43 BCE)

Philo (c. 20 BCE-40 CE). allegorical method of reading texts.

Seneca the Younger (ca. 4 BCE-65 CE). Stoic.

ROMAN TRADITION:

production =

1. impose form on matter
2. tame
3. channel
4. dominate

Augustine of Hippo (c. 354-430). Africa (near Carthage)
“The City of God” first philosophy of history
Theme of the inner man (PRIVATE/PUBLIC) (Plato)

CHRISTIANITY: “… the world is contingent, not necessary. It does not contain within itself its reason for being, but receives it from another, from God.
Creator God (Dreyfus)

SCHOLASTICISM (schools)

John the Scot (ca. 815-877) neoplatonist, pantheist.

St Anselm (1033-1109) Proof of the existence of God.
1100-1200 CE
THE UNIVERSALS
hierarchy of entities from primal matter to pure actuality (God)

MEDIEVAL SYNTHESIS (SCHOLASTIC SYNTHESIS) – Aristotle (Arab discovery in 7th century)

7 liberal arts
trivium: grammar, rhetoric, dialectic
quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronom, music

Thomas Aquinas (c. 1221-1274). Christian philosopher. (Dominican)
God as prime mover
“For St Thomas, as for the Greeks, the origin of philosophy is awe.”
“Ethics is… movement by the rational creature toward God. The goal of this movement is bliss, which consists in the direct vision of God.” Re government: “… society exists for the benefit of the individual, and not vie versa. Power derives from God.” (source: Julian Marias, History of Philosophy p. 166-174)

Scotus 1266-1308
“The history of the late Middle Ages and the modern period will be the progressive dissociation between the world of nature and the world of grace… Soon ratio, or lógos, will become completely separated from théos.”
Priority of the Will (love is superior to faith). (Marias p. 178)

Occam. 1290? England “Occam is the artificer of a great renunciation: man will renounce the possession of the things and will resign himself to remain only with the symbols of things.” (Marias p. 180)

Meister Eckhart 1260 (Dominican)

Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464) "near infinity" (see Marias p. 199)

Erasmus of Rotterdam(c. 1466-1536). free will.

Niccolò Machiavelli (c. 1469-1527). Political realism.

Copernicus (c. 1473-1543)

Sir Thomas More (c. 1478-1535). "utopia".

Martin Luther (c. 1483-1546).

Teresa of Avila (c. 1515-1582). Spanish mystic.

Saint John of the Cross (San Juan de la Cruz) (1542 – 1591)
related:
"Room For Saint John of the Cross" by Bill Viola, 1983

John Calvin (c. 1509-1564).

IDEALISM: Descartes through Husserl
"the things are form me and in me - they are IDEAS of mine."

René Descartes (c. 1596-1650). method (1619) doubt, "idealism, Descartes' great discovery and great error" (Marías p. 215)
"...this ego, that is, the soul, through which I am what I am, is completely distinct from the body" (Discourse on Method IV)
"...substance is difined by independence; to be a substance means not to need another thing in order to exist..." (Marías p. 220)
mechanistic theory, rationalism
"Idealism... is the belief that the ego has no sure knowledge of anything other than itself (the cogito); that I know the things only while I am seeing them, touching them, thinking of them desireing them, and so forth." (Marías p. 222)

Galileo Galilei (c. 1564-1642). Heliocentrist

Francis Bacon (Eng/c. 1561-1626). empiricism, inductive method

Kepler (1571-1630)

João de São Tomé (1589-1644)

Thomas Hobbes (c. 1588-1679). discord (competition, mistrust, vanity)
state of war
"... the autoritarian and absolutist conception of the State, based simultaneously on teh principle of equality and on a thouroughly pessimistic view o human nature." (Marías p. 252)

John Locke (c. 1632-1704). Empiricist: the origin of knowledge is experience.
soul=clean slate
"Memory is the basis on which complex ideas are formed. Simple ideas are not instantaneous; rather, they leave an impression in the mind; this they can be combined or associated with other ideas." (Marías p. 255)
liberal ideology

Blaise Pascal (c. 1623-1662). Pascal's wager.

Henry More (c. 1614-1687).

Margaret Cavendish (c. 1623-1673). Materialist, feminist.

Baruch Spinoza (c. 1632-1677) cupiditas (longing)

Anne Conway (c. 1631-1679).

Gottfried Leibniz (c. 1646-1716) monads
"motion is not mere change of position, but something real, something produced by force" (Marías p. 239)

Isaac Newton (c. 1643-1727) "The physicist renounces the quest for knowledge of causes (principles) and contents himself with an equation which will permt him to measure the course of phenomena." (Marias p. 204)

Catherine Cockburn (c. 1679-1749).

The Enlightenment:

"... represents the end of the metaphysical speculation of the seventeenth century. After almost a century of intense and profound philosophical activity, we encounter a new hiatus in which philosophic thought loses momentum and becomes trivial. This is an epoch in which the ideas of the preceding period are disseminated. And dissemination always has the following consequence: in order to act upon the masses, in order to transform the face of history, ideas must necessarily beocme trivial, lose their precision and difficulty, become superficial images of themselves. Then, in return for ceasing to be what they really are, they are spread about ... After a few years these ideas permeate the atmosphere, ecome part of the air one breathes, suppositions which everyone takes for granted, and then we find ourselves ina different world.... And this transformation of popular thought will soon shape the radical alteration of history that we know as the French Revolution.

"The epoch of the ENLIGHTENMENT, the eighteenth century, represents the end of the metaphysical speculation of the seventeenth century... we encounter a new hiatus in which philosophic thought loses momentum and becomes trivial. This is an epoch in which the ideas of the preceding period are disseminated..." (Marías p. 261)

George Berkeley (c. 1685-1753). Idealist, empiricist.
"For him, matter does not exist. Primary qualities are just as subjective as secondary qualities; extension or solidity are ideas, just as color is an idea; they are all the content of my perception; there is no material substance behind the ideas." (Marías p. 257)

David Hume (c. 1711-1776). Empiricism > Sensationalism "Ideas are pale and lifeless copies of direct impressions."
Skepticism: :"Knowledge cannot achieve metaphysical truth. The intimate and immediate convictions by which man lives cannot be proved or refuted... reality becomes perception, experience, idea. The contemplation of these ideas, which do not succeed in being things, which are nothing but subjective impressions, is skepticism." (Marías p. 259)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (c. 1712-1778). Confessions; Social Contract

Adam Smith (c. 1723-1790). Economic theorist

Immanuel Kant (c. 1724-1804) GERMAN IDEALISM, Trancendental Idealism. Categorical imperative; Critique of Pure Reason
"... existence is not a property of things, but their relationship with all the other things, the positive position of the object. Being is not a real, but a transcendental predicate." (p293)
more

G.W.F. Hegel (c. 1770-1831). German idealist.
Phenomenology of the Spirit
Dialectic

F.W.J. von Schelling (c. 1775-1854). German idealist.

Friedrich Schiller (c. 1759-1805).

Mary Wollstonecraft (c. 1759-1797). Feminist.

Thomas Jefferson (c. 1743-1826).

Jeremy Bentham (c. 1748-1832). Utilitarian, hedonist.

James Mill (c. 1773-1836). Utilitarian.

Auguste Comte (1798-1857) POSITIVISM

Karl Marx (c. 1818-1883). SOCIALISM

Friedrich Engels (c. 1820-1895). Egalitarian, dialectical materialist.

Mikhail Bakunin (c. 1814-1876). Revolutionary anarchist.

Margaret Fuller (c. 1810-1850). Egalitarian.

Arthur Schopenhauer (c. 1788-1860)

Søren Kierkegaard (c. 1813-1855). Existentialist.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

Franz Brentano (1838-1917) return to metaphysics

Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911) - break with Positivism / HISTORICISM

< IDEALISM: Descartes through Husserl
"the things are form me and in me - they are IDEAS of mine."

Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) phenomenology

Henri Bergson (1859-1941)

Miguel de Unamuno (b. 1864)

Ferdinand de Saussure (b. 1857)

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Carl Jung (c. 1875-1961). Founded analytical psychology.

John Dewey (c. 1859-1952)

Ferdinand de Saussure (c. 1857-1913). Linguistic structuralist.

Bertrand Russell (c. 1872-1970). Atheist, logical positivist.

Georg Lukács (c. 1885-1971). Marxist philosopher.
   

  

Martin Heidegger

José Ortega y Gasset (c. 1883-1955). Philosopher of History.

Ludwig Wittgenstein (c. 1889-1951)

Franz Fanon (1925-1961)

Theodor Adorno (c. 1903-1969). Frankfurt School.

Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979). Frankfurt School.

Alan Turing (c. 1912-1954). Functionalist in philosophy of mind.

Simone de Beauvoir (c. 1908-1986). Existentialist, feminist.

Jean-Paul Sartre (c. 1905-1980). Humanism, existentialism.
   
Albert Camus (c. 1913-1960). Absurdist.

Claude Levi-Strauss

Roland Barthes (1915-1980)

Michel Foucault (1926-1984)

Jaques Lacan (1901-1981)

Jaques Derrida (1930-2004)

Slovog Zizek (b. 1949)

Laura Mulvey (b 1941)

Bracha L. Ettinger (b 1952)

Open Source

Richard Matthew Stallman

Open Source

Richard Matthew Stallman

Dante (1265 –
Divine Comedy (1300)

St Francis of Assisi (c. 1182-1226). (Franciscans) Ascetic.

Machiavelli: The Prince

Alberti: Treatise on Architecture (1485)

Vasari: Lives of Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550)

Cervantes (1547-1616)

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

Descartes: Discourse on Method (1637)

Hobbes: The Leviathan (1651) engravings of The Leviathan

John Milton (1608-1674)

John Locke: Second Treatise of Government (1689)

Moliere (1622-1673)

Milton: Paradise Lost (1667)

Newton: Opticks (1704)

Voltaire (c. 1694-1778): Candide (1759)

Hume: History of England (historiography)

Diderot and D'Alembert: Encyclopedia, or Rational Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Trades (1750-1780)

Rousseau: The Social Contract (1762)

Madam Bovary

Goethe (1749-1832)Faust 1790

Jan Austen (1775-1817): Pride and Prejudice (1813)

Byron (1788-1824)

Keats (1795-1821)

Henry David Thoreau (c. 1817-1862). Pacifist.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (c. 1803-1882). Abolitionist, egalitarian, humanist.

Balzac (1799-1850)

George Sand (1804-1876)

Marx and Engels: The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Friedrich Engels: The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845)

Charles Dickens (1812-1870)

Herman Melville: Moby Dick (1851)

Dostoevsky: The Brothers Karamazov (1880)

Zola

Emma Goldman (c. 1869-1940). Anarchist.

Cimabue (1240-1302)

Giotto di Bondone (c. 1267 – 1337 Florence)

The Limbourg brothers (Herman, Paul, and Johan; fl. 1385 – 1416)

Jan van Eyck (c. 1385 – July 9, 1441) Web Gallery of Art

Fra Angelico (1387-1455)

Botticelli (1444-1510)

Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)

Michelangelo (1475-1564)

Raphael (1483-1520)

Titian (1490-1576)

Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543)

Jocopo Pontormo (1494-1556) - Mannerism

Pieter Bruegel the Elder (Ne. d1569)

El Greco (Sp. 1541 - 1614)

Caravaggio (1573-1610)

Rubens (1577-1640)

Georges de la Tour (Fr. 1593-1652)

Poussin (1594-1665) Louis xiv - art as propiganda

Velázquez (Sp. 1599 –1660) wikipedia

Frans Hals (1580-1666)

Rembrandt Van Rijn (1606-1669)

Johannes Vermeer (Du. 1632-1675)

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (1746 – 1828)
"Executions of the Third of May, 1808" (1814-1815)

Jaques-Louis David (1748-1825)

ROMANTICISM

J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851)

John Constable (1776-1837)

Ingres (1790-1864)

Theodore Gericault (1791-1824)

Camille Corot (1796-1875)

Honore Daumier (1808-1879)

Eugene Delecroix (1798-1863)

Francoix Millet

REALISM |

Honore Daumier

Gustave Courbet

EXPRESSIONISM

Munch

Vincent Van Gogh

Egon Schille

IMPRESSIONISM

Edouard Manet

Edgar Degal

Paul Cezanne

Claude Monet

Renoir

Gauguin

Georges Seurat

Toulouse-Lautrec

Picasso

Kandinsky

RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTIVISM

BAUHAUS

DADA

Leonin (1150)

Adam of St.Victor (1122-1192)

"Sumer is icumen in" (1240)

Guillaume Dufay (1400-1474) Franco-Flemish composer/music theorist

Josquin des Prez (1460-1521)

Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)

Andrea Gabrieli (1510-1586)

Giovanni Gabrieli

Thomas Luis de Victoria (1548-1611)

Cristobal Morales (1500-1553)

Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750

George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)

Henry Purcell (1658-1695) - Dido and Aeneas opera

John Blow (1648-1708) - Venus and Adonis chanber opera

Purcell (1658-1695) - Dido and Aeneas

Handel (1685-1759)

Haydn (1732-1809)

Mozart (1756-1791)

Beethoven (1770-1827) Heroica - 1804

Felix Mendelson (1809-1847)
(plays Bach's St. Matthew's Passion in concert hall)

Frederic Chopin (1809-1849)

Richard Wagner (1813-1883)

Brahms (1833-1897)

Debussy

Ravel

Verdi: Aida (see Suez Canal 1869)

Julius Caesar (b 100)

Brutus (b.85bc)

Augustus Caesar (b.63)

Crusades (1096-1291)

University of Paris (1150)

Oxford University (1163)

Isabel of Mar (1277-1296) Robert the Bruce

Black Death (1348)

Fall of Constantinople to Turks(1453)

Geographical Discoveries

Reformation (1517)

Church of England split

COUNCIL OF TRENT (Counter Reformation 1534)

Inquisition

Jesuits (1540)

France: Louis XIV (1648-1715) >

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture founded (1648)

Civil War, Plague, Great fire in England

England: Glorious Revolution (1688)

<France: Louis XIV (1648-1715)

Rationalist state

American Revolution (1776)

French Revolution (1789-1799)

Napoleon (Waterloo: 1815)

Congress of Vienna (1815)

Birth of Nationalism

Charles Darwin (c. 1809-1882).

1871 Germany united, Otto von Bismarck

1879 Germany rejects free trade

1890 Dreyfus Affair

1890's 2nd Industrial Revolution: Steel and Chemistry, urbanization, shipping, mass consumerism (department stores)

Imperialist Project

Suez Canal (1869)

Russian Revolution (1917)

WWI

WWII

Carnation Revolution in Portugal (1974)

archives from Centro de Documentação - 25 de Abril